SELECT
D.ProductId,
COUNT(H.SalesOrderID) AS sales_for_180,
SUM(D.ORderQty) AS no_products_sold_180,
SUM(CASE
WHEN H.OrderDate >= DATEADD(DAY, -90, '7/31/2004' ) THEN 1
ELSE 0
END) AS sales_for_90,
SUM(CASE
WHEN H.OrderDate >= DATEADD(DAY, -90, '7/31/2004' ) THEN D.OrderQty
ELSE 0
END) AS no_products_sold_for_90,
SUM(CASE
WHEN H.OrderDate >= DATEADD(DAY, -30, '7/31/2004' ) THEN 1
ELSE 0
END) AS sales_for_30,
SUM(CASE
WHEN H.OrderDate >= DATEADD(DAY, -30, '7/31/2004' ) THEN D.OrderQty
ELSE 0
END) AS no_products_sold_for_30
FROM
Sales.SalesOrderHeader H JOIN
Sales.SalesOrderDetail D ON
H.SalesOrderID = D.SalesOrderID
WHERE
H.OrderDate < '7/31/2004' AND
H.OrderDate >= DATEADD(DAY, -180, '7/31/2004')
GROUP BY
D.ProductId
This will return the data you asked for in a single pass and will do an index seek if you have an index on OrderDate. All in all an efficient way to return the desired data. You may have learned this a long time ago, but it is something I recently picked up when answering a question on SQLServerCentral, so I know not everyone knows this. This technique works whenever you need aggregates based on some sort of partition. It could be a breakdown of products within a product category as well.
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